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Equalizer

Compensating for inter-symbol interference (ISI)

7 taps

Original Transmitted Signal

Channel Impulse Response h[n]

Received Signal (with ISI)

Equalizer Coefficients

Equalized Output

Eye Diagram: Before Equalization

Eye Diagram: After Equalization

Equalization Methods

Zero-Forcing (ZF): Completely inverts channel: W(f) = 1/H(f). Eliminates ISI but amplifies noise at frequency nulls.

MMSE: Minimizes mean squared error: W(f) = H*(f)/(|H(f)|² + N₀). Balances ISI removal with noise.

Decision Feedback (DFE): Uses past decisions to subtract post-cursor ISI. Better for severe channels.

Adaptive: LMS/RLS algorithms adjust taps in real-time using training sequence or decisions.