Horizontal Gene Transfer Simulation

Population

Initial Bacteria: 100

Growth Rate: 0.05

per generation

Number of Species: 3

HGT Mechanisms

Conjugation (plasmid transfer)

Transformation (free DNA)

Transduction (phage-mediated)

HGT Rate: 0.01

×10⁻³ per contact

Antibiotic Selection

Apply Antibiotic

Selection Strength: 0.50

mortality for susceptible

Resistance Fitness Cost: 0.05

×10⁻²

Horizontal Gene Transfer:
Bacteria exchange genes without reproduction via conjugation (plasmids), transformation (DNA uptake), or transduction (phages). This rapidly spreads antibiotic resistance across species.

Bacterial Population

Susceptible

Resistant

HGT Event

Gene Tree vs Species Tree

Species Tree

Gene Tree (ARG)

Resistance Spread Over Time

Transfer Network

Generation

Total Bacteria

100

Resistant %

0.0%

HGT Events
0

Tree Discordance

0.00

Species Count

Recent Events

Simulation ready...