Social Force Model with Emergent Lane Formation
Pedestrian motion follows Newton's second law with social forces:
Watch for emergent lane formation in bidirectional flows!
Lane Formation: In bidirectional flows, pedestrians spontaneously organize into lanes of uniform direction.
Faster-is-Slower: At bottlenecks, increasing desired speed can reduce throughput due to jamming.
Arch Formation: High density at exits creates arch-shaped blockages.