Below Economic Threshold
40 pests/plant
5%
5/day
1.5x
0
Pest Population
0
Natural Enemies
0%
Resistance
0%
Crop Damage
0
Pesticide Apps
$0
Total Cost
Crop
Pest
Resistant
Enemy
Model: IPM pyramid with cultural, biological, and chemical control.
Pesticides select for resistance; biocontrol reduces resistance pressure.
ET = Economic Injury Level threshold for intervention.