Biofilm Antibiotic Tolerance

Gradient-Based Protection and Persister Cell Survival

Active
Stressed
Persister
EPS Matrix
Generation:0
Active:0
Stressed:0
Persisters:0
Survival:100%

Biofilm Tolerance

Biofilms are 10-1000× more antibiotic tolerant than planktonic cells. Mechanisms include: EPS diffusion barrier (creates concentration gradients), metabolic heterogeneity (slow-growing cells are less susceptible), and persister cells (dormant cells that survive treatment and regrow).